Essentials of Chinese Medicine, Volume 1 — Quick Reference
This chapter-by-chapter reference covers the book's indexed TCM concepts and diagnostic and therapeutic vocabulary, together with its named clinical signs and conditions. Page ranges are the book's printed page numbers. Terms are grouped where they are principally introduced; recurring terms may appear in more than one chapter when their context differs. Terms from the book are shown in Traditional Chinese. For clinical terms, a common-language equivalent is included in parentheses where useful.
Core TCM terms were cross-checked against the supplied Chinese classics reference; medical conditions use standard clinical translations. The WHO column lists the standard English term, its Simplified Chinese form, and the publication's printed page number. Names of TCM organs refer to functional systems and are not always identical to the corresponding anatomical organs.
Chapter 1 — Formation of the Chinese Medicine Theoretical System and Its Philosophical Basis (pp. 1–32)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Qi | 氣 | Qi — 气 (WHO p. 19) |
| TCM | Yin | 陰 | Yin — 阴 (WHO p. 1) |
| TCM | Yang | 陽 | Yang — 阳 (WHO p. 1) |
| TCM | Yin–Yang | 陰陽 | Yin–yang — 阴阳 (WHO p. 1) |
| TCM | Yin–Yang theory | 陰陽學說 | — |
| TCM | Five Elements / Five Phases | 五行 | Five elements — 五行 (WHO p. 3) |
| TCM | Five Elements theory | 五行學說 | — |
| TCM | Qi transformation | 氣化 | Qi transformation — 气化 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Five flavors | 五味 | Five flavours — 五味 (WHO p. 5) |
| TCM | Holism / holistic view | 整體觀念 | Holistic concept — 整体观念 (WHO p. 44) |
| TCM | Unity of the human body and the universe | 天人合一 | Man–nature unity — 天人合一 (WHO p. 45) |
| TCM | Correspondence between the human body and nature | 天人相應 | Man–nature correspondence — 天人相应 (WHO p. 45) |
| TCM | Classification by analogy | 取象比類 | — |
| TCM | Mutual generation (Five Elements) | 相生 | — |
| TCM | Mutual restriction (Five Elements) | 相剋 | — |
| TCM | Overacting (Five Elements) | 相乘 | — |
| TCM | Counteracting (Five Elements) | 相侮 | — |
| Medical | Physiology | 生理學 | — |
| Medical | Pathology | 病理學 | — |
| Medical | Disease prevention | 疾病預防 | — |
Chapter 2 — Chinese Medicine Methodology (pp. 33–48)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Chinese medicine methodology | 中醫方法論 | — |
| TCM | Holistic systemic method | 整體系統方法 | — |
| TCM | View of life in Chinese medicine | 中醫生命觀 | — |
| TCM | Human body as an organic whole | 人體有機整體 | — |
| TCM | Inferring the interior from the exterior | 司外揣內 | Judging the inside from observing the outside — 司外揣内 (WHO p. 50) |
| TCM | Unity of body and vitality | 形神合一 | — |
| TCM | Syndrome differentiation | 辨證 | Pattern identification — 辨证 (WHO p. 49) |
| TCM | Treatment based on syndrome differentiation | 辨證論治 | Treatment based on pattern identification — 辨证论治 (WHO p. 50) |
| TCM | Treating different illnesses with the same method | 異病同治 | Same treatment for different diseases — 异病同治 (WHO p. 328) |
| TCM | Treating the same illness with different methods | 同病異治 | Different treatments for same disease — 同病异治 (WHO p. 328) |
| TCM | Treatment principle | 治則 | — |
| TCM | Treatment method | 治法 | — |
| Medical | Illness / disease | 疾病 | Disease — 病 (WHO p. 49) |
| Medical | Symptom | 症狀 | Symptom — 症状 (WHO p. 49) |
| Medical | Clinical sign | 體徵 | Sign — 体征 (WHO p. 49) |
| Medical | Functional imbalance | 功能失調 | — |
| Medical | Diagnosis | 診斷 | — |
| Medical | Treatment | 治療 | — |
Chapter 3 — Structure and Functions of the Human Body (pp. 49–106)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Visceral manifestation theory | 藏象學說 | — |
| TCM | Zang-Fu | 臟腑 | Zang–fu — 脏腑 (WHO p. 5) |
| TCM | Five Zang organs | 五臟 | Five zang organs — 五脏 (WHO p. 5) |
| TCM | Six Fu organs | 六腑 | Six fu organs — 六腑 (WHO p. 6) |
| TCM | Extraordinary Fu organs | 奇恆之腑 | Extraordinary fu organs — 奇恒之腑 (WHO p. 6) |
| TCM | Heart (functional system) | 心 | — |
| TCM | Lung (functional system) | 肺 | — |
| TCM | Spleen (functional system) | 脾 | — |
| TCM | Liver (functional system) | 肝 | — |
| TCM | Kidney (functional system) | 腎 | — |
| TCM | Pericardium | 心包 | Pericardium — 心包 (WHO p. 8) |
| TCM | Gallbladder | 膽 | — |
| TCM/Medical | Stomach | 胃 | — |
| TCM/Medical | Small intestine | 小腸 | — |
| TCM/Medical | Large intestine | 大腸 | — |
| TCM/Medical | Urinary bladder | 膀胱 | — |
| TCM | Sanjiao / Triple Burner | 三焦 | Sanjiao — 三焦 (WHO p. 18) |
| TCM/Medical | Brain | 腦 | — |
| TCM/Medical | Uterus | 子宮 | Uterus — 女子胞 (WHO p. 19) |
| TCM | Marrow | 髓 | Marrow — 髓 (WHO p. 19) |
| TCM | Bones | 骨 | — |
| TCM | Vessels | 脈 | — |
| TCM | Vital gate | 命門 | The gate of life — 命门 (WHO p. 16) |
| TCM | Kidney's primordial Yang | 腎中元陽 | — |
| Medical | Heart (anatomical) | 心臟 | — |
| Medical | Pericardium (anatomical membrane) | 心包膜 | — |
| Medical | Lung | 肺 | — |
| Medical | Liver | 肝臟 | — |
| Medical | Spleen | 脾臟 | — |
| Medical | Kidney | 腎臟 | — |
| Medical | Gallbladder | 膽囊 | — |
| Medical | Bone | 骨 | Bone — 骨 (WHO p. 19) |
| Medical | Bone marrow | 骨髓 | — |
| Medical | Blood vessel | 血管 | — |
| Medical | Skin | 皮膚 | — |
| Medical | Tongue | 舌 | — |
Chapter 4 — Basic Substances of Vital Activities (pp. 107–130)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Essence | 精 | Essence — 精 (WHO p. 19) |
| TCM | Qi | 氣 | Qi — 气 (WHO p. 19) |
| TCM | Blood | 血 | Blood — 血 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Body fluids | 津液 | Body fluids — 津液 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Spirit | 神 | Spirit — 神 (WHO p. 45) |
| TCM | Primordial Qi | 元氣 | Yuan-primordial qi — 元气 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Pectoral / gathering Qi | 宗氣 | Zong-pectoral qi — 宗气 (WHO p. 21) |
| TCM | Nutritive Qi | 營氣 | Ying-nutrient qi — 营气 (WHO p. 21) |
| TCM | Defensive Qi | 衛氣 | Wei-defensive qi — 卫气 (WHO p. 21) |
| TCM | Genuine Qi | 正氣 | Genuine qi — 真气 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Evil / pathogenic Qi | 邪氣 | Pathogenic qi — 邪气 (WHO p. 23) |
| TCM | Yin-Qi | 陰氣 | Yin qi — 阴气 (WHO p. 1) |
| TCM | Yang-Qi | 陽氣 | Yang qi — 阳气 (WHO p. 1) |
| TCM | Qi movement | 氣機 | Qi movement — 气机 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Ascending, descending, entering, and exiting of Qi | 升降出入 | Ascending, descending, entering and exiting — 升降出入 (WHO p. 21) |
| TCM | Qi transformation | 氣化 | Qi transformation — 气化 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Qi deficiency | 氣虛 | Qi deficiency — 气虚 (WHO p. 36) |
| TCM | Qi stagnation | 氣滯 | Qi stagnation — 气郁 (WHO p. 37) |
| TCM | Qi counterflow | 氣逆 | Qi counterflow — 气逆 (WHO p. 36) |
| TCM | Sinking of Qi | 氣陷 | Qi sinking — 气陷 (WHO p. 37) |
| TCM | Collapse of Qi | 氣脫 | Qi collapse — 气脱 (WHO p. 36) |
| TCM | Qi blockage | 氣閉 | Qi blockage — 气闭 (WHO p. 36) |
| TCM | Formation of Blood | 血的生成 | — |
| TCM | Circulation of Blood | 血的運行 | — |
| TCM | Physiological functions of Blood | 血的生理功能 | — |
| TCM | Formation of body fluids | 津液生成 | — |
| TCM | Excretion of body fluids | 津液排泄 | — |
| TCM | Relationship between Qi and Blood | 氣血關係 | — |
| TCM | Relationship between Qi and body fluids | 氣與津液的關係 | — |
| TCM | Essence and Blood | 精血 | — |
| TCM | Qi and Blood | 氣血 | — |
| TCM | Blood deficiency | 血虛 | Blood deficiency — 血虚 (WHO p. 37) |
| TCM | Blood stasis | 瘀血 | Blood stasis — 血瘀 (WHO p. 37) |
| TCM | Blood stasis due to Qi deficiency | 氣虛血瘀 | Blood stasis due to qi deficiency — 气虚血瘀 (WHO p. 38) |
| TCM | Qi stagnation leading to Blood stasis | 氣滯血瘀 | Blood stasis due to qi stagnation — 气滞血瘀 (WHO p. 38) |
| TCM | Qi failing to control Blood | 氣不攝血 | Qi failing to contain blood — 气不摄血 (WHO p. 38) |
| TCM | Qi collapse following massive blood loss | 氣隨血脫 | Qi collapse following heavy blood loss — 气随血脱 (WHO p. 38) |
| TCM | Water retention | 水停 | — |
| TCM | Phlegm accumulation | 痰積 | — |
| TCM | Dampness obstruction | 濕阻 | Dampness obstruction — 湿阻病 (WHO p. 186) |
| TCM | Spleen-Qi failing to ascend | 脾氣不升 | — |
| TCM | Stomach-Qi failing to descend | 胃氣不降 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Qi stagnation | 肝氣鬱結 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Qi attacking the Stomach | 肝氣犯胃 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Qi attacking the Spleen | 肝氣犯脾 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Qi disturbing the Lung | 肝氣犯肺 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Kidney disharmony | 心腎不交 | Disharmony between the heart and the kidney — 心肾不交 (WHO p. 8) |
| TCM | Water-Fire disharmony | 水火不濟 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Qi deficiency | 心氣虛 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Yin deficiency | 心陰虛 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Fire blazing | 心火亢盛 | — |
| TCM | Kidney-Yang deficiency | 腎陽虛 | — |
| TCM | Kidney-Yin deficiency | 腎陰虛 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Yang rising | 肝陽上亢 | — |
| Medical | Blood circulation | 血液循環 | — |
| Medical | Metabolism | 代謝 | — |
| Medical | Distribution of body fluids | 體液輸布 | — |
| Medical | Secretion | 分泌 | — |
| Medical | Excretion | 排泄 | — |
| Medical | Perspiration | 汗液 | — |
| Medical | Bleeding / hemorrhage | 出血／大出血 | — |
| Medical | Spontaneous perspiration | 自汗 | Spontaneous sweating — 自汗 (WHO p. 71) |
| Medical | Polyuria | 多尿 | — |
| Medical | Excessive salivation | 流涎 | — |
| Medical | Spermatorrhea | 遺精 | Nocturnal emissions — 遗精 (WHO p. 276) |
| Medical | Premature ejaculation | 早洩 | Premature ejaculation — 早泄 (WHO p. 288) |
| Medical | Visceral ptosis / prolapse | 臟器下垂／脫垂 | — |
| Medical | Gastric ptosis | 胃下垂 | — |
| Medical | Liver ptosis | 肝下垂 | — |
| Medical | Nephroptosis | 腎下垂 | — |
| Medical | Uterine prolapse | 子宮脫垂 | Prolapsed uterus — 阴挺 (WHO p. 276) |
| Medical | Vaginal prolapse | 陰道脫垂 | — |
| Medical | Rectal prolapse | 直腸脫垂 | — |
| Medical | Mental disorder | 精神障礙 | — |
| Medical | Listlessness | 精神萎靡 | — |
| Medical | Insomnia | 失眠 | Insomnia — 失眠 (WHO p. 314) |
| Medical | Dream-disturbed sleep | 多夢（夢擾睡眠） | Excessive dreaming — 多梦 (WHO p. 82) |
| Medical | Restlessness | 煩躁不安 | Restlessness — 烦躁 (WHO p. 75) |
| Medical | Confusion | 神志不清 | — |
| Medical | Dementia | 癡呆 | Dementia — 痴呆病 (WHO p. 214) |
| Medical | Delirium | 譫妄 | Delirium — 谵语 (WHO p. 66) |
| Medical | Coma | 昏迷 | Unconsciousness — 昏迷 (WHO p. 314) |
| Medical | Poor circulation | 血液循環不良 | — |
| Medical | Melena (black, tarry feces) | 黑便（柏油樣便） | — |
| Medical | Metrorrhagia (uterine bleeding) | 子宮不規則出血 | Metrorrhagia — 崩中 (WHO p. 278) |
| Medical | Bleeding disorder | 出血性疾病 | — |
| Medical | Flushed complexion | 面色潮紅 | — |
| Medical | Bloodshot eyes | 目赤 | — |
| Medical | Headache | 頭痛 | Headache — 头痛 (WHO p. 313) |
| Medical | Dizziness | 頭暈 | — |
| Medical | Blurred vision | 視物模糊 | Blurred vision — 目眩 (WHO p. 77) |
| Medical | Lusterless complexion | 面色無華 | — |
| Medical | Dry skin and hair | 皮膚及毛髮乾燥 | — |
| Medical | Numbness of the limbs | 四肢麻木 | — |
| Medical | Frequent urination | 頻尿 | Frequent urination — 小便频数 (WHO p. 82) |
| Medical | Enuresis | 遺尿 | Enuresis — 遗尿 (WHO p. 232) |
| Medical | Urinary incontinence | 尿失禁 | Urinary incontinence — 小便不禁 (WHO p. 232) |
| Medical | Profuse sweating / diaphoresis | 多汗／大量出汗 | — |
| Medical | Body-fluid depletion | 津液耗傷 | — |
| Medical | Diarrhea | 腹瀉 | Diarrhoea — 泄泻病 (WHO p. 222) |
| Medical | Abdominal distention with rigidity | 腹脹伴腹部僵硬 | — |
| Medical | Gastric pain | 胃痛 | Stomach ache — 胃痛 (WHO p. 319) |
| Medical | Nausea | 噁心 | Nausea — 恶心 (WHO p. 78) |
| Medical | Hiccup | 呃逆 | Hiccups — 呃逆 (WHO p. 68) |
| Medical | Eructation / belching | 噯氣 | Burping — 嗳气 (WHO p. 68) |
| Medical | Vomiting | 嘔吐 | Vomiting — 呕吐 (WHO p. 318) |
| Medical | Cough | 咳嗽 | Cough — 咳嗽 (WHO p. 316) |
| Medical | Labored breathing | 呼吸費力 | — |
| Medical | Chest tightness | 胸悶 | — |
| Medical | Urinary retention | 尿瀦留 | Urinary retention — 癃闭 (WHO p. 233) |
| Medical | Edema | 水腫 | Oedema — 水肿类病 (WHO p. 240) |
| Medical | Facial edema | 面部水腫 | — |
| Medical | Ascites | 腹水 | Ascites — 腹水 (WHO p. 320) |
| Medical | Agitation | 躁動 | — |
| Medical | Impatience / irritability | 急躁易怒 | — |
Chapter 5 — Etiology in Chinese Medicine (pp. 131–164)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Etiology / causes of illness | 病因 | Causative factors — 病因 (WHO p. 23) |
| TCM | External causes | 外因 | — |
| TCM | Internal causes | 內因 | — |
| TCM | Other causes (neither internal nor external) | 不內外因 | Neither internal nor external etiological factors — 不内外因 (WHO p. 23) |
| TCM | Six climatic pathogenic factors | 六淫 | Six pathogenic factors — 六淫 (WHO p. 24) |
| TCM | Wind | 風 | Pathogenic wind — 风邪 (WHO p. 25) |
| TCM | Cold | 寒 | Pathogenic cold — 寒邪 (WHO p. 25) |
| TCM | Summerheat | 暑 | — |
| TCM | Dampness | 濕 | Pathogenic dampness — 湿邪 (WHO p. 26) |
| TCM | Dryness | 燥 | Pathogenic dryness — 燥邪 (WHO p. 26) |
| TCM | Fire / Heat | 火／熱 | Pathogenic fire — 火邪 (WHO p. 26); Pathogenic heat — 热邪 (WHO p. 27) |
| TCM | Endogenous pathogenic factors | 內生五邪 | Five endogenous pathogenic factors — 内生五邪 (WHO p. 30) |
| TCM | Pestilential pathogenic factors | 疫癘之邪 | — |
| TCM | Seven emotions | 七情 | Seven emotions — 七情 (WHO p. 24) |
| TCM | Joy, anger, worry, thought, grief, fear, fright | 喜、怒、憂、思、悲、恐、驚 | — |
| TCM | Improper diet | 飲食失宜 | Improper diet — 饮食失宜 (WHO p. 24) |
| TCM | Overstrain and insufficient rest | 勞逸失度 | Work–rest imbalance — 劳逸失度 (WHO p. 24) |
| TCM | Trauma | 外傷 | — |
| TCM | Parasites | 寄生蟲 | — |
| TCM | Phlegm | 痰 | Phlegm — 痰 (WHO p. 29) |
| TCM | Rheum | 飲 | — |
| TCM | Phlegm and rheum | 痰飲 | Phlegm-fluid retention — 痰饮 (WHO p. 240) |
| TCM | Blood stasis | 瘀血 | Blood stasis — 血瘀 (WHO p. 37) |
| TCM | Food retention | 食積 | Food stagnation — 食积 (WHO p. 292) |
| TCM | Stones | 結石 | Stone — 结石 (WHO p. 30) |
| TCM | Excretions and secretions | 排泄物與分泌物 | — |
| Medical | Infection / infectious disease | 感染／傳染病 | — |
| Medical | Epidemic disease | 瘟疫 | — |
| Medical | Parasitic disease | 寄生蟲病 | — |
| Medical | Taeniasis (tapeworm infection) | 絛蟲病 | Taeniasis — 绦虫病 (WHO p. 202) |
| Medical | Physical injury | 身體外傷 | — |
| Medical | Traumatic hemorrhage | 外傷性出血 | — |
| Medical | Dietary disorder | 飲食失調 | — |
| Medical | Emotional disturbance | 情志失調 | — |
| Medical | Overwork | 過勞 | Overwork — 过劳 (WHO p. 28) |
Chapter 6 — Pathology in Chinese Medicine (pp. 165–192)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Pathology | 病理 | — |
| TCM | Pathogenesis | 病機 | Pathogenesis — 病机 (WHO p. 31) |
| TCM | Pathological products | 病理產物 | — |
| TCM | Genuine Qi | 正氣 | Genuine qi — 真气 (WHO p. 20) |
| TCM | Evil / pathogenic Qi | 邪氣 | Pathogenic qi — 邪气 (WHO p. 23) |
| TCM | Struggle between genuine Qi and evil Qi | 正邪相爭 | Struggle between anti- pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors — 正邪相争 (WHO p. 32) |
| TCM | Disease progression and transmission | 傳變 | — |
| TCM | Transmission among Zang-Fu organs | 臟腑傳變 | — |
| TCM | Exterior–interior transmission | 表裏傳變 | — |
| TCM | Upward–downward transmission | 上下傳變 | — |
| TCM | Deficiency | 虛 | Deficiency — 虚 (WHO p. 33) |
| TCM | Excess / strength | 實 | Excess — 实 (WHO p. 32) |
| TCM | Cold | 寒 | Pathogenic cold — 寒邪 (WHO p. 25) |
| TCM | Heat | 熱 | — |
| TCM | Yin–Yang imbalance | 陰陽失調 | Disharmony between yin and yang — 阴阳失调 (WHO p. 34) |
| TCM | Mutual injury of Yin and Yang | 陰陽互損 | Mutual impairment between yin and yang — 阴阳互损 (WHO p. 35) |
| TCM | Functional imbalance | 功能失調 | — |
| TCM | Phlegm as a pathological product | 痰 | — |
| TCM | Blood stasis as a pathological product | 瘀血 | Static blood — 瘀血 (WHO p. 30) |
| TCM | Fluid retention | 水飲 | Fluid retention — 饮 (WHO p. 30) |
| Medical | Disease process | 疾病進程 | — |
| Medical | Pathophysiology | 病理生理學 | — |
| Medical | Functional impairment | 功能障礙 | — |
| Medical | Prognosis | 預後 | — |
Chapter 7 — Approach to Chinese Medical Diagnosis (pp. 193–198)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Diagnostic approach | 診斷思路 | — |
| TCM | Symptom analysis | 症狀分析 | — |
| TCM | Syndrome / pattern | 證候 | Pattern — 证 (WHO p. 49) |
| TCM | Syndrome differentiation | 辨證 | Pattern identification — 辨证 (WHO p. 49) |
| TCM | Treatment based on syndrome differentiation | 辨證論治 | Treatment based on pattern identification — 辨证论治 (WHO p. 50) |
| TCM | Treating different illnesses with the same method | 異病同治 | Same treatment for different diseases — 异病同治 (WHO p. 328) |
| TCM | Treating the same illness with different methods | 同病異治 | Different treatments for same disease — 同病异治 (WHO p. 328) |
| Medical | Symptom | 症狀 | Symptom — 症状 (WHO p. 49) |
| Medical | Sign | 體徵 | Sign — 体征 (WHO p. 49) |
| Medical | Clinical manifestation | 臨床表現 | — |
| Medical | Medical syndrome (group of signs and symptoms) | 症候群 | — |
| Medical | Diagnosis | 診斷 | — |
| Medical | Differential diagnosis | 鑑別診斷 | — |
Chapter 8 — Diagnostic Methods (pp. 199–278)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Four diagnostic methods | 四診 | — |
| TCM | Inspection | 望診 | Inspection — 望诊 (WHO p. 50) |
| TCM | Listening and smelling | 聞診 | Auscultation — 闻诊 (WHO p. 66) |
| TCM | Inquiry | 問診 | Inquiry — 问诊 (WHO p. 68) |
| TCM | Palpation | 切診 | Palpation — 切诊 (WHO p. 83) |
| TCM | Auscultation | 聽診 | Auscultation — 闻诊 (WHO p. 66) |
| TCM | Olfaction | 嗅診 | — |
| TCM | Tongue diagnosis | 舌診 | Tongue diagnosis — 舌诊 (WHO p. 59) |
| TCM | Pulse diagnosis | 脈診 | Pulse diagnosis — 脉诊 (WHO p. 83) |
| TCM | Pulse-taking | 切脈／診脈 | Pulse diagnosis — 脉诊 (WHO p. 83) |
| TCM | Infant's finger venules | 小兒指紋 | — |
| TCM | Cun, guan, and chi pulse positions | 寸、關、尺 | — |
| TCM | Tongue body | 舌質 | Tongue body — 舌质 (WHO p. 60) |
| TCM | Tongue coating | 舌苔 | Tongue coating — 舌苔 (WHO p. 63) |
| TCM | Pulse quality | 脈象 | Pulse conditions — 脉象 (WHO p. 85) |
| TCM | Pale tongue | 淡白舌 | Pale white tongue — 淡白舌 (WHO p. 60) |
| TCM | Red / crimson tongue | 紅舌／絳舌 | Red tongue — 红舌 (WHO p. 60); Crimson tongue — 绛舌 (WHO p. 60) |
| TCM | Purple tongue | 紫舌 | Purple tongue — 紫舌 (WHO p. 61) |
| TCM | White / yellow coating | 白苔／黃苔 | White coating — 白苔 (WHO p. 65); Yellow coating — 黄苔 (WHO p. 66) |
| TCM | Gray / black coating | 灰苔／黑苔 | Grey coating — 灰苔 (WHO p. 66); Black coating — 黑苔 (WHO p. 66) |
| TCM | Greasy coating | 膩苔 | Greasy tongue — 腻苔 (WHO p. 64) |
| TCM | Curd-like coating | 腐苔 | Curdy coating — 腐苔 (WHO p. 64) |
| TCM | Peeling coating | 剝苔 | — |
| TCM | Thin / thick coating | 薄苔／厚苔 | Thin coating — 薄苔 (WHO p. 63); Thick coating — 厚苔 (WHO p. 64) |
| TCM | Dry coating | 乾苔 | Dry coating — 燥苔 (WHO p. 64) |
| TCM | Swollen tongue | 胖大舌 | Swollen tongue — 肿胀舌 (WHO p. 62) |
| TCM | Fissured tongue | 裂紋舌 | Fissured tongue — 裂纹舌 (WHO p. 62) |
| TCM | Tooth-marked tongue | 齒痕舌 | Tongue with teeth marks — 齿痕舌 (WHO p. 62) |
| TCM | Tremulous tongue | 顫動舌 | Trembling tongue — 颤动舌 (WHO p. 62) |
| TCM | Floating pulse | 浮脈 | Floating pulse — 浮脉 (WHO p. 88) |
| TCM | Soft pulse | 濡脈 | Soft pulse — 濡脉 (WHO p. 91) |
| TCM | Hollow pulse | 芤脈 | Hollow pulse — 芤脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Tympanic pulse | 革脈 | Tympanic pulse — 革脉 (WHO p. 91) |
| TCM | Deep pulse | 沉脈 | Deep pulse — 沉脉 (WHO p. 89) |
| TCM | Firm pulse | 牢脈 | Firm pulse — 牢脉 (WHO p. 91) |
| TCM | Sunken pulse | 伏脈 | Hidden pulse — 伏脉 (WHO p. 91) |
| TCM | Short pulse | 短脈 | Short pulse — 短脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Long pulse | 長脈 | Long pulse — 长脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Slow pulse | 遲脈 | Slow pulse — 迟脉 (WHO p. 89) |
| TCM | Rapid pulse | 數脈 | Rapid pulse — 数脉 (WHO p. 89) |
| TCM | Swift pulse | 疾脈 | Racing pulse — 疾脉 (WHO p. 92) |
| TCM | Boiling-bubbles pulse | 釜沸脈 | — |
| TCM | Leaky-roof pulse | 屋漏脈 | — |
| TCM | Hurried pulse | 促脈 | Skipping pulse — 促脉 (WHO p. 91) |
| TCM | Hesitant pulse | 結脈 | Hesitant pulse — 涩脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Intermittent pulse | 代脈 | Regularly intermittent pulse — 代脉 (WHO p. 91) |
| TCM | Bird-peck pulse | 雀啄脈 | — |
| TCM | Rope-unraveling pulse | 解索脈 | — |
| TCM | Surging pulse | 洪脈 | Surging pulse — 洪脉 (WHO p. 89) |
| TCM | Threadlike pulse | 細脈 | Thready pulse — 细脉 (WHO p. 89) |
| TCM | Slippery pulse | 滑脈 | Slippery pulse — 滑脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Impeded pulse | 澀脈 | Hesitant pulse — 涩脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Taut pulse | 弦脈 | Wiry pulse — 弦脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Tight pulse | 緊脈 | Tight pulse — 紧脉 (WHO p. 90) |
| TCM | Even / normal pulse | 平脈 | Normal pulse — 平脉 (WHO p. 88) |
| Medical | Fever | 發熱（發燒） | Fever — 发热 (WHO p. 312) |
| Medical | Chills / cold aversion | 寒顫／惡寒 | Chills — 寒战 (WHO p. 69); Aversion to cold — 恶寒 (WHO p. 69) |
| Medical | Alternating chills and fever | 寒熱往來 | Alternating fever and chills — 寒热往来 (WHO p. 71) |
| Medical | Spontaneous perspiration | 自汗 | Spontaneous sweating — 自汗 (WHO p. 71) |
| Medical | Night sweats | 盜汗 | Night sweats — 盗汗 (WHO p. 242) |
| Medical | Cold sweats | 冷汗 | Cold sweats — 冷汗 (WHO p. 71) |
| Medical | Headache | 頭痛 | Headache — 头痛 (WHO p. 313) |
| Medical | Dizziness / vertigo | 頭暈／眩暈 | Vertigo — 眩晕 (WHO p. 313) |
| Medical | Tinnitus | 耳鳴 | Tinnitus — 耳鸣 (WHO p. 315) |
| Medical | Blurred vision | 視物模糊 | Blurred vision — 目眩 (WHO p. 77) |
| Medical | Red eyes | 目赤 | — |
| Medical | Cough | 咳嗽 | Cough — 咳嗽 (WHO p. 316) |
| Medical | Sputum / phlegm | 痰 | Phlegm — 痰 (WHO p. 29) |
| Medical | Shortness of breath | 氣短 | Shortness of breath — 短气 (WHO p. 67) |
| Medical | Dyspnea / labored breathing | 呼吸困難／呼吸費力 | — |
| Medical | Chest tightness | 胸悶 | — |
| Medical | Chest pain | 胸痛 | Chest pain — 胸痛 (WHO p. 317) |
| Medical | Precordial pain | 心前區痛 | — |
| Medical | Palpitations | 心悸 | Palpitations — 心悸 (WHO p. 317) |
| Medical | Flank pain | 脅痛 | Pain in the subcostal region — 胁痛 (WHO p. 319) |
| Medical | Abdominal pain | 腹痛 | Abdominal pain — 腹痛 (WHO p. 319) |
| Medical | Abdominal distention | 腹脹 | — |
| Medical | Epigastric fullness / pain | 胃脘脹滿／胃脘痛 | — |
| Medical | Nausea | 噁心 | Nausea — 恶心 (WHO p. 78) |
| Medical | Vomiting | 嘔吐 | Vomiting — 呕吐 (WHO p. 318) |
| Medical | Hematemesis | 吐血 | Vomiting blood — 吐血 (WHO p. 79) |
| Medical | Hemoptysis | 咯血（咳血） | Expectoration of blood — 咯血 (WHO p. 316) |
| Medical | Epistaxis | 鼻衄（流鼻血） | Nosebleed — 鼻衄 (WHO p. 315) |
| Medical | Hiccup | 呃逆 | Hiccups — 呃逆 (WHO p. 68) |
| Medical | Eructation / belching | 噯氣 | Burping — 嗳气 (WHO p. 68) |
| Medical | Acid reflux | 反酸 | Regurgitation — 泛酸 (WHO p. 79) |
| Medical | Halitosis | 口臭 | Bad breath — 口臭 (WHO p. 68) |
| Medical | Poor appetite / anorexia | 食慾不振 | Poor appetite — 纳呆 (WHO p. 78) |
| Medical | Thirst | 口渴 | Thirst — 口渴 (WHO p. 79) |
| Medical | Excessive thirst / polydipsia | 多飲 | — |
| Medical | Excessive hunger / polyphagia | 多食 | Excessive hunger — 食亦 (WHO p. 223) |
| Medical | Dry mouth | 口乾 | Dry mouth — 口干 (WHO p. 79) |
| Medical | Nasal discharge | 鼻涕 | — |
| Medical | Nasal congestion / blockage | 鼻塞 | — |
| Medical | Loss of smell / anosmia | 嗅覺喪失 | — |
| Medical | Sore throat | 咽痛 | — |
| Medical | Hoarseness | 聲音嘶啞 | Hoarseness — 声嘶 (WHO p. 66) |
| Medical | Toothache | 牙痛 | Toothache — 牙痛 (WHO p. 315) |
| Medical | Inflamed gums | 牙齦發炎 | — |
| Medical | Itching / pruritus | 瘙癢 | Pruritus — 瘙痒 (WHO p. 322) |
| Medical | Urticaria | 蕁麻疹 | Urticaria — 瘾疹 (WHO p. 262) |
| Medical | Diarrhea | 腹瀉 | Diarrhoea — 泄泻病 (WHO p. 222) |
| Medical | Loose stool | 溏便 | — |
| Medical | Dysentery | 痢疾 | Dysentery — 大瘕泄 (WHO p. 222) |
| Medical | Constipation | 便秘 | Constipation — 便秘 (WHO p. 320) |
| Medical | Borborygmus | 腸鳴 | Bowel sounds — 肠鸣 (WHO p. 68) |
| Medical | Dysuria | 排尿困難 | — |
| Medical | Oliguria | 少尿 | — |
| Medical | Anuria | 無尿 | — |
| Medical | Polyuria | 多尿 | — |
| Medical | Frequent urination | 頻尿 | Frequent urination — 小便频数 (WHO p. 82) |
| Medical | Urinary retention | 尿瀦留 | Urinary retention — 癃闭 (WHO p. 233) |
| Medical | Urinary incontinence | 尿失禁 | Urinary incontinence — 小便不禁 (WHO p. 232) |
| Medical | Fecal incontinence | 大便失禁 | — |
| Medical | Enuresis | 遺尿 | Enuresis — 遗尿 (WHO p. 232) |
| Medical | Rectal prolapse | 直腸脫垂 | — |
| Medical | Uterine prolapse | 子宮脫垂 | Prolapsed uterus — 阴挺 (WHO p. 276) |
| Medical | Hematuria | 血尿 | — |
| Medical | Cloudy urine | 尿液混濁 | Cloudy urine — 尿浊 (WHO p. 321) |
| Medical | Edema | 水腫 | Oedema — 水肿类病 (WHO p. 240) |
| Medical | Ascites | 腹水 | Ascites — 腹水 (WHO p. 320) |
| Medical | Jaundice | 黃疸 | Jaundice — 黄疸病 (WHO p. 216) |
| Medical | Cyanosis | 發紺 | — |
| Medical | Pallor | 蒼白 | — |
| Medical | Abnormal skin color | 皮膚色澤異常 | — |
| Medical | Flushed complexion | 面色潮紅 | — |
| Medical | Malar flush | 顴紅 | Red cheeks — 颧红 (WHO p. 53) |
| Medical | Purpura | 紫癜 | Purpura — 紫癜病 (WHO p. 239) |
| Medical | Insomnia | 失眠 | Insomnia — 失眠 (WHO p. 314) |
| Medical | Excessive dreaming | 多夢 | Excessive dreaming — 多梦 (WHO p. 82) |
| Medical | Forgetfulness | 健忘 | Forgetfulness — 健忘 (WHO p. 314) |
| Medical | Somnolence | 嗜睡 | Somnolence — 嗜睡 (WHO p. 314) |
| Medical | Agitation / restlessness | 煩躁 | Restlessness — 烦躁 (WHO p. 75) |
| Medical | Delirium | 譫妄 | Delirium — 谵语 (WHO p. 66) |
| Medical | Syncope / fainting | 昏厥 | Syncope — 厥病 (WHO p. 237) |
| Medical | Convulsion | 抽搐／痙攣 | Convulsion — 抽搐 (WHO p. 313) |
| Medical | Coma | 昏迷 | Unconsciousness — 昏迷 (WHO p. 314) |
| Medical | Fatigue / lassitude | 疲倦／倦怠乏力 | Lassitude — 乏力 (WHO p. 74) |
| Medical | Emaciation / thinness | 消瘦 | — |
| Medical | Obesity | 肥胖 | Obesity — 肥胖病 (WHO p. 258) |
| Medical | Malnutrition | 營養不良 | — |
| Medical | Pica | 異食癖 | — |
| Medical | Leukorrhea / vaginal discharge | 白帶（帶下） | White leukorrhea — 白带 (WHO p. 82) |
| Medical | Metrorrhagia / abnormal uterine bleeding | 子宮異常出血（崩漏） | Metrorrhagia — 崩中 (WHO p. 278) |
| Medical | Metrostaxis / slight uterine bleeding | 子宮點滴出血 | Metrostaxis — 漏下 (WHO p. 278) |
| Medical | Melena | 黑便（柏油樣便） | — |
| Medical | Hematochezia | 便血 | Bloody stools — 便血 (WHO p. 320) |
| Medical | Excessive menstruation | 月經過多 | Heavy menstruation — 月经过多 (WHO p. 278) |
| Medical | Amenorrhea | 閉經 | Amenorrhoea — 闭经 (WHO p. 279) |
| Medical | Oligomenorrhea | 月經稀少 | — |
| Medical | Spermatorrhea | 遺精 | Nocturnal emissions — 遗精 (WHO p. 276) |
| Medical | Impotence | 陽痿 | Impotence — 阳痿 (WHO p. 288) |
| Medical | Premature ejaculation | 早洩 | Premature ejaculation — 早泄 (WHO p. 288) |
Chapter 9 — Differential Diagnosis (pp. 279–320)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Eight principles | 八綱 | — |
| TCM | Exterior / interior | 表／裏 | Exterior pattern — 表证 (WHO p. 104); Interior pattern — 里证 (WHO p. 104) |
| TCM | Cold / heat | 寒／熱 | Cold pattern — 寒证 (WHO p. 103); Heat pattern — 热证 (WHO p. 103) |
| TCM | Deficiency / excess | 虛／實 | Deficiency pattern — 虚证 (WHO p. 104); Excess pattern — 实证 (WHO p. 104) |
| TCM | Yin / Yang pattern | 陰／陽證 | Yin pattern — 阴证 (WHO p. 103); Yang pattern — 阳证 (WHO p. 103) |
| TCM | Six-meridian differentiation | 六經辨證 | Pattern differentiation of six meridians — 六经辨证 (WHO p. 100) |
| TCM | Taiyang | 太陽 | — |
| TCM | Yangming | 陽明 | — |
| TCM | Shaoyang | 少陽 | — |
| TCM | Taiyin | 太陰 | — |
| TCM | Shaoyin | 少陰 | — |
| TCM | Jueyin | 厥陰 | — |
| TCM | Four-level differentiation | 衛氣營血辨證 | Pattern differentiation of Wei-defence, qi, Ying nutrients and blood — 卫气营血辨证 (WHO p. 99) |
| TCM | Defensive level | 衛分 | — |
| TCM | Qi level | 氣分 | — |
| TCM | Nutritive level | 營分 | — |
| TCM | Blood level | 血分 | — |
| TCM | Sanjiao differentiation | 三焦辨證 | Pattern differentiation of the three jiao — 三焦辨证 (WHO p. 101) |
| TCM | Upper / middle / lower jiao | 上焦／中焦／下焦 | Upper jiao — 上焦 (WHO p. 18); Middle jiao — 中焦 (WHO p. 18); Lower jiao — 下焦 (WHO p. 18) |
| TCM | Sanjiao-Qi transformation | 三焦氣化 | — |
| TCM | Zang-Fu pattern differentiation | 臟腑辨證 | Pattern differentiation of zang–fu organs — 脏腑辨证 (WHO p. 99) |
| TCM | Simultaneous syndromes | 兼證 | — |
| TCM | Genuine heat with false cold | 真熱假寒 | True heat with false cold — 真热假寒 (WHO p. 95) |
| TCM | Genuine cold with false heat | 真寒假熱 | True cold with false heat — 真寒假热 (WHO p. 94) |
| TCM | Qi deficiency | 氣虛 | Qi deficiency — 气虚 (WHO p. 36) |
| TCM | Blood deficiency | 血虛 | Blood deficiency — 血虚 (WHO p. 37) |
| TCM | Qi and Blood deficiency | 氣血兩虛 | Dual deficiency of qi and blood — 气血两虚 (WHO p. 37) |
| TCM | Blood stasis syndrome | 瘀血證 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Qi deficiency | 心氣虛 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Yang deficiency | 心陽虛 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Yin deficiency | 心陰虛 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Blood deficiency | 心血虛 | — |
| TCM | Heart-Fire blazing | 心火亢盛 | — |
| TCM | Blockage of the Heart meridians | 心脈痺阻 | — |
| TCM | Phlegm misting the Heart orifices | 痰蒙心竅 | — |
| TCM | Phlegm-Fire disturbing the Heart | 痰火擾心 | — |
| TCM | Lung-Qi deficiency | 肺氣虛 | — |
| TCM | Lung-Yin deficiency | 肺陰虛 | — |
| TCM | Heat accumulation in the Lung | 肺熱壅盛 | — |
| TCM | Phlegm-Dampness obstructing the Lung | 痰濕阻肺 | — |
| TCM | Wind-Cold binding the Lung | 風寒束肺 | — |
| TCM | Wind-Heat invading the Lung | 風熱犯肺 | — |
| TCM | Spleen-Qi deficiency | 脾氣虛 | — |
| TCM | Spleen-Yang deficiency | 脾陽虛 | — |
| TCM | Sinking of middle Qi | 中氣下陷 | — |
| TCM | Spleen failing to control Blood | 脾不統血 | — |
| TCM | Cold-Dampness encumbering the Spleen | 寒濕困脾 | — |
| TCM | Dampness-Heat lodging in the Spleen | 濕熱蘊脾 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Qi stagnation | 肝氣鬱結 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Blood deficiency | 肝血虛 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Yin deficiency | 肝陰虛 | — |
| TCM | Abnormal rising of Liver-Yang | 肝陽上亢 | — |
| TCM | Upward flaming of Liver-Fire | 肝火上炎 | — |
| TCM | Liver-Wind stirring internally | 肝風內動 | — |
| TCM | Cold congealing the Liver meridians | 寒凝肝脈 | — |
| TCM | Dampness-Heat in the Liver meridians | 肝經濕熱 | — |
| TCM | Kidney-Essence deficiency | 腎精不足 | — |
| TCM | Kidney-Yang deficiency | 腎陽虛 | — |
| TCM | Kidney-Yin deficiency | 腎陰虛 | — |
| TCM | Failure of the Kidney to receive Qi | 腎不納氣 | — |
| TCM | Failure of Kidney-Qi to secure and contain | 腎氣不固 | — |
| TCM | Kidney-Qi deficiency | 腎氣虛 | — |
| TCM | Cold in the Stomach | 胃寒 | — |
| TCM | Stomach-Yin deficiency | 胃陰虛 | — |
| TCM | Food retention in the Stomach | 食滯胃脘 | — |
| TCM | Heat in the Stomach | 胃熱 | — |
| TCM | Dampness-Heat in the Large Intestine | 大腸濕熱 | — |
| TCM | Fluid deficiency in the Large Intestine | 大腸津虧 | — |
| TCM | Large-intestine deficiency-cold with chronic diarrhea | 大腸虛寒泄瀉 | — |
| TCM | Dampness-Heat in the Liver and Gallbladder | 肝膽濕熱 | — |
| Medical | Common cold | 感冒 | Common cold — 感冒 (WHO p. 185) |
| Medical | Febrile disease | 溫病 | Warm diseases — 温病 (WHO p. 187) |
| Medical | Pneumonia | 肺炎 | — |
| Medical | Pulmonary heart disease | 肺源性心臟病 | — |
| Medical | Rheumatic arthritis | 風濕性關節炎 | — |
| Medical | Rheumatoid arthritis | 類風濕性關節炎 | Joint impediment — 尪痹 (WHO p. 252) |
| Medical | Bacillary dysentery | 細菌性痢疾 | — |
| Medical | Malaria | 瘧疾 | Malaria — 疟疾 (WHO p. 193) |
| Medical | Hypertension | 高血壓 | — |
| Medical | Diabetes | 糖尿病 | — |
| Medical | Epilepsy | 癲癇 | Epilepsy — 痫病 (WHO p. 214) |
| Medical | Hepatitis | 肝炎 | — |
| Medical | Acute glomerulonephritis | 急性腎小球腎炎 | — |
| Medical | Chronic glomerulonephritis | 慢性腎小球腎炎 | — |
| Medical | Diphtheria | 白喉 | Diphtheria — 白喉 (WHO p. 198) |
| Medical | Scarlet fever | 猩紅熱 | — |
| Medical | Smallpox | 天花 | Smallpox — 天花 (WHO p. 200) |
| Medical | Cholera | 霍亂 | — |
| Medical | Syphilis | 梅毒 | Syphilis — 梅毒 (WHO p. 200) |
| Medical | Hemorrhoids | 痔瘡 | Haemorrhoid — 痔疮 (WHO p. 273) |
| Medical | Stroke | 中風（腦卒中） | — |
| Medical | Asthma | 哮喘 | Asthma — 哮喘病 (WHO p. 228) |
| Medical | Beriberi | 腳氣病 | Beriberi — 脚气病 (WHO p. 257) |
| Medical | Pregnancy | 妊娠 | — |
| Medical | Postpartum period | 產後期 | — |
Chapter 10 — Therapeutics (pp. 321–350)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Therapeutics | 治療學 | — |
| TCM | Treatment principles | 治則 | — |
| TCM | Treating the root | 治本 | — |
| TCM | Treating the branch / manifestation | 治標 | — |
| TCM | Early treatment to prevent progression | 早期治療、防止傳變 | — |
| TCM | Treatment according to time, place, and person | 因時、因地、因人制宜 | Treat according to person — 因人制宜 (WHO p. 325) |
| TCM | Standard / direct treatment | 正治 | Routine treatment — 正治法 (WHO p. 326) |
| TCM | Contrary treatment | 從治 | Paradoxical treatment — 反治法 (WHO p. 327) |
| TCM | Eight therapeutic methods | 八法 | Eight methods — 八法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Diaphoresis / exterior release | 汗法／解表法 | Exterior-releasing methods — 解表法 (WHO p. 328); Sweating method — 汗法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Emesis | 吐法 | Vomiting method — 吐法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Purgation / catharsis | 下法 | Draining downward method — 下法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Harmonization | 和法 | Harmonizing method — 和法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Heat-clearing / cooling | 清法 | Clearing method — 清法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Warming | 溫法 | Warming method — 温法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Tonification / restoration | 補法 | Tonifying method — 补法 (WHO p. 381) |
| TCM | Dissipation / reduction | 消法 | Reducing method — 消法 (WHO p. 380) |
| TCM | Orifice-opening / resuscitation | 開竅法 | Orifice-opening methods — 开窍法 (WHO p. 352) |
| TCM | Wind suppression / anticonvulsant method | 熄風法 | — |
| TCM | Astringency / consolidation | 固澀法 | Securing and astringent methods — 固涩法 (WHO p. 356) |
| TCM | Qi regulation | 理氣法 | Qi-regulating methods — 理气法 (WHO p. 337) |
| TCM | Blood regulation | 調血法 | — |
| TCM | Attack and restoration (purging and tonifying) | 攻補 | — |
| TCM | Dissipation and restoration | 消補兼施 | — |
| TCM | Diaphoresis and purgation | 汗下並用 | — |
| TCM | Cooling and warming | 寒熱並用 | — |
| TCM | Combination of therapeutic methods | 合用治法 | — |
| Medical | Antibiotic | 抗生素 | — |
| Medical | Antispasmodic drug | 解痙藥 | — |
| Medical | Anticonvulsant therapy | 抗痙攣治療 | — |
| Medical | Purgative therapy | 瀉下治療 | — |
| Medical | Diaphoretic therapy | 發汗治療 | — |
Chapter 11 — Health Preservation (pp. 351–358)
| Category | English term | Traditional Chinese | WHO standard term(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCM | Health preservation / cultivation of life | 養生 | Health preservation — 养生 (WHO p. 39) |
| TCM | Longevity and life preservation | 延年益壽 | — |
| TCM | Preserving Essence | 保精 | — |
| TCM | Cultivating Qi | 養氣 | — |
| TCM | Regulating the spirit | 調神 | — |
| TCM | Seasonal health preservation | 四時養生 | — |
| TCM | Diet-based health preservation | 飲食養生 | — |
| TCM | Sexual hygiene | 性衛生 | — |
| TCM | Prevention before illness develops | 治未病 | Preventing a disease before it arises — 治未病 (WHO p. 39) |
| TCM | Union of body and vitality | 形神合一 | — |
| Medical | Health promotion | 健康促進 | — |
| Medical | Disease prevention | 疾病預防 | — |
| Medical | Nutrition | 營養 | — |
| Medical | Physical exercise | 體育鍛鍊 | — |
| Medical | Sleep | 睡眠 | — |
| Medical | Sexual health | 性健康 | — |
Selected Classical Quotations by Chapter
These passages connect classical sources to the book's chapter themes. Chinese text is presented in Traditional Chinese and checked against the supplied reference where available; English renderings are concise original translations.
| Chapter | Source | Original Chinese | English rendering |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 《素問·陰陽應象大論》 | 陰陽者，天地之道也，萬物之綱紀，變化之父母，生殺之本始，神明之府也。 | Yin and Yang are the way of Heaven and Earth, the guiding principles of all things, the source of transformation, and the basis of life and death. |
| 1 | 《素問·陰陽應象大論》 | 寒極生熱，熱極生寒。 | At the extreme of cold, heat arises; at the extreme of heat, cold arises. |
| 1 | 《素問·生氣通天論》 | 陰平陽秘，精神乃治。 | When yin is balanced and yang secured, the spirit is well regulated. |
| 2 | 《素問·寶命全形論》 | 人以天地之氣生，四時之法成。 | Humans arise from the qi of Heaven and Earth and develop in accordance with the four seasons. |
| 3 | 《素問·五藏別論》 | 五臟者，藏精氣而不瀉也，故滿而不能實；六腑者，傳化物而不藏，故實而不能滿也。 | The five zang store essence-qi without discharging it; the six fu transmit and transform without storing, so they can be full but not overfilled. |
| 3 | 《素問·靈蘭秘典論》 | 心者，君主之官也，神明出焉。 | The heart is the ruler; spirit and clarity emerge from it. |
| 4 | Chapter 4 maxim (no classical chapter specified) | 氣為血帥，血為氣母。 | Qi directs Blood; Blood nourishes and carries Qi. |
| 4 | 《素問·經脈別論》 | 飲入於胃，游溢精氣，上輸於脾；脾氣散精，上歸於肺；通調水道，下輸膀胱。 | Liquids enter the stomach, where refined qi spreads and rises to the spleen; the spleen sends essence to the lung, which regulates the waterways and sends fluids down to the bladder. |
| 4 | 《素問·陰陽應象大論》 | 清陽為天，濁陰為地；地氣上為雲，天氣下為雨；雨出地氣，雲出天氣。 | Clear yang forms Heaven and turbid yin forms Earth; Earth qi rises as clouds and Heaven qi descends as rain; rain issues from Earth qi and clouds from Heaven qi. |
| 4 | 《素問·陰陽應象大論》 | 清氣在下，則生飧泄；濁氣在上，則生脹。 | Clear qi below causes undigested diarrhea; turbid qi above causes distention. |
| 4 | 《靈樞·營衛生會》 | 上焦如霧，中焦如漚，下焦如瀆。 | The upper burner is like mist, the middle like a fermenting vat, and the lower like a drainage channel. |
| 4 | 《靈樞·營衛生會》 | 奪血者無汗，奪汗者無血。 | After substantial blood loss, sweating should not be induced; after profuse sweating, blood is depleted. |
| 4 | 《難經·八難》 | 腎間動氣者，人之生命也，十二經之根本也，故名曰原氣。 | The moving qi between the kidneys is the basis of life and the root of the twelve channels; it is called primordial qi. |
| 4 | 《難經·六十六難》 | 三焦者，原氣之別使也，主通行三氣，經歷於五臟六腑。 | The triple burner is the envoy of primordial qi, conducting the three qi through the five zang and six fu. |
| 4 | 《素問·靈蘭秘典論》 | 三焦者，決瀆之官，水道出焉。 | The triple burner is the official in charge of drainage; the waterways emerge from it. |
| 4 | 張景岳《景岳全書·傳忠錄·命門餘義》 | 命門為元氣之根，為水火之宅；五臟之陰氣非此不能滋，五臟之陽氣非此不能發。 | Mingmen is the root of primordial qi and the abode of Water and Fire; it nourishes the yin and activates the yang of the five zang. |
| 5 | 《素問·風論》 | 風者，百病之長也。 | Wind is the leader of the hundred diseases. |
| 5 | 《素問·陰陽應象大論》 | 怒傷肝，悲勝怒；喜傷心，恐勝喜；思傷脾，怒勝思；憂傷肺，喜勝憂；恐傷腎，思勝恐。 | Anger injures the liver and grief restrains anger; joy injures the heart and fear restrains joy; thought injures the spleen and anger restrains thought; worry injures the lung and joy restrains worry; fear injures the kidney and thought restrains fear. |
| 5 | 《素問·評熱病論》 | 邪之所湊，其氣必虛。 | Pathogenic influence gathers where the body's qi is deficient. |
| 5 | 《素問·刺法論》 | 正氣存內，邪不可干。 | When righteous qi is secure within, pathogenic influences cannot invade. |
| 6 | 《素問·通評虛實論》 | 邪氣盛則實，精氣奪則虛。 | Abundant pathogenic qi indicates an excess pattern; depleted essence-qi indicates a deficiency pattern. |
| 7 | 《素問·陰陽應象大論》 | 善診者，察色按脈，先別陰陽。 | Skilled diagnosis examines complexion and pulse, first distinguishing yin from yang. |
| 8 | 《素問·脈要精微論》 | 脈者，血之府也。 | The vessels are the residence of Blood. |
| 9 | 《傷寒論·太陽病篇》 | 觀其脈證，知犯何逆，隨證而治之。 | Examine the pulse and pattern, determine the deviation, and treat according to the findings. |
| 10 | 《素問·陰陽應象大論》 | 治病必求於本。 | In treating disease, always seek its root. |
| 10 | 《素問·至真要大論》 | 謹察陰陽所在而調之，以平為期。 | Carefully discern where yin and yang lie, adjust them, and aim for balance. |
| 10 | 《素問·至真要大論》 | 大積大聚，其可犯也，衰其大半而止。 | Major accumulations may be attacked, but treatment should stop once more than half has resolved. |
| 11 | 《素問·四氣調神大論》 | 春夏養陽，秋冬養陰。 | Nourish yang in spring and summer, and yin in autumn and winter. |
| 11 | 《素問·四氣調神大論》 | 是故聖人不治已病治未病，不治已亂治未亂，此之謂也。 | The wise treat illness before it arises and restore order before disorder takes hold. |
| 11 | 《素問·上古天真論》 | 恬惔虛無，真氣從之，精神內守，病安從來？ | With tranquil detachment, true qi follows its course and spirit is guarded within—how could illness arise? |
| 11 | 《呂氏春秋·盡數》 | 流水不腐，戶樞不蠹，動也。 | Running water does not stagnate; a moving door hinge does not decay—both endure through movement. |
Terminology notes
證候is a TCM pattern/syndrome; biomedicalsyndromeis症候群.- The WHO column follows WHO international standard terminologies
on traditional Chinese medicine (2022). Direct English/synonym or
Chinese matches are used where identifiable; context-specific pairs use
corresponding concepts.
—marks no unambiguous match. WHO Chinese is shown in Simplified as published. - In the pulse section,
數脈is the rapid pulse and疾脈the swift pulse. The book's less common descriptive pulse labels are retained with their conventional pulse names where available. - The chapter grouping follows the book's contents and index; closely related symptoms may also be discussed in other chapters.
Sources
- Essentials of Chinese Medicine, Volume 1: Foundations of Chinese Medicine (Zhanwen Liu, ed., 2009).
- 中醫臨床必讀叢書典藏版, supplied as the Chinese terminology reference.