Terraform has many backend types. The local backend stores the state on the local filesystem, so it’s ideal for quick local testing. By it’s not very obvious how to have multiple local backend and state, and how to easily switch between them. One use case for this is when you deploy the same set of resources to multiple AWS regions. Let’s say we want to create two API gateways and their corresponding DNS records to two regions. We use the aws_route53_record resource to deploy them:
resource "aws_route53_record" "api" {
name = "${var.api_url}"
type = "A"
# the rest are omitted
}
And we want to set var.api_url to api-eu.example.com and api-us.example.com for Europe and US regions in two separate tfvars file.
Then if you try to apply them sequentially like so:
You’ll notice that the second apply will try to destroy your api-eu.example.com record, and replace it with an api-us-example.com record. This is because the states are the same, and the resource name is the same between two apply attempts, so terraform think you want to destroy the existing record and create a new one. There is also a problem when you try to destroy resources. Because the resources have the same name, so if you destroy them in one region, you won’t be able to destroy then in the other one. Because terraform assumes everything is already gone.
Most of the CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery) tools nowadays supports some form of configuration file so you can properly version control them. For example Travis CI, Gitlab CI, Circle CI and Drone CI uses YAML file. Jenkins uses its own DSL. These YAML-based configuration files are easy to read and edit, but they don’t scale very well when the file grows big. This problem can be solved by using a nice data templating language called Jsonnet. In this post we’ll be demonstrating Drone CI v1.0 configuration file format, but the idea can be easily applied to other CI tool.
When building websites or web apps, creating a “Download as file” link is quite useful. For example if you want to allow user to export some data as JSON, CSV or plain text files so they can open them in external programs or load them back later. Usually this requires a web server to format the file and serve it. But actually you can export arbitrary JavaScript variable to file entirely on the client side. I have implemented that function in one of my project, MozApoy, and here I’ll explain how I did that.
Terraform has some great documentation on Route 53, but it’s a little bit hard to understand how all the resources works together. So to demonstrate, we are going to build an REST API that is deployed to multiple AWS regions, which has one public-facing URL, which is load balanced through Route 53. There are some additional requirements:
API is done using API Gateway + Lambda
The same API is deployed to multiple AWS regions. To demonstrate this we’ll deploy to EU Frankfurt (eu-central-1) and N.Virginia, US (us-east-1).
The API in each region will get a public facing URL for easy debugging. So there will be https://api-eu.example.com and https://api-us.example.com pointing to the API gateway in each region.
There will be a global URL, https://api.example.com which points to the underlying https://api-eu.example.com and https://api-us.example.com endpoints.
The global URL will do a 50%-50% active-active load balancing to each region. In other words 50% of the traffic will go to each region.
The health of the regional APIs are monitored, if one of it goes down, all the traffic will be routed to the other alive one.
Sometimes you may wonder, how many commits or lines of code did I contributed to a git repository? Here are some easy one liners to help you count that.